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Web Programming With Django

Created for

Iva E. Popova, 2018,

Iva E. Popova on LinkedIn

Introduction

What is Django?

Django is a high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design. Built by experienced developers, it takes care of much of the hassle of Web development, so you can focus on writing your app without needing to reinvent the wheel. It’s free and open source

Official Django Project Site

What is a Web Framework

A web framework is a collection of modules that allows you to create applications or websites from an existing source, instead of from scratch: admin panels; authentication support; contact forms, comment boxes; file upload

The basics of HTTP: Client-Server_Communication

Creating a Simple Django App

Simple Crawler App

Prerequisites

Python > 3.4
Virtual environment: pipenv or any other
Optional: git and github to manage revision and share your app

Set up the ToDoApp project

Creating the project structure


			$ cd myprojects
			$ django-admin startproject ToDoApp

A folder ToDoApp will be created into myprojects folder. It is just a a container for the project (it does not matter anything to Django) and we can safely rename it as ToDoAppProject. We also would like to rename mysite with ToDoApp


			ToDoAppProject/
			├── manage.py
			└── ToDoApp
			    ├── __init__.py
			    ├── settings.py
			    ├── urls.py
			    └── wsgi.py

Project Structure Content

manage.py: A command-line utility that lets you interact with this Django project in various ways.
ToDoApp/: this folder is the actual Python package for your project. Its name is the Python package name you'll need to use to import anything inside it
ToDoApp/__init__.py: An empty file that tells Python that this directory should be considered a Python package.
ToDoApp/settings.py: Settings/configuration for this Django project
ToDoApp/urls.py: The URL declarations for this Django project; a “table of contents” of your Django-powered site
ToDoApp/wsgi.py: An entry-point for WSGI-compatible web servers to serve your project

Verify the project


			$ cd ToDoAppProject/
			$ python manage.py runserver


			Performing system checks...

			System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

			You have 14 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.
			Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.

			April 18, 2018 - 21:22:56
			Django version 2.0.4, using settings 'ToDoApp.settings'
			Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
			Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

We will deal with migration warning later

Verify the project

Do not close the terminal. The Django development server was started, and you can see you app running if you point your browser to http://127.0.0.1:8000/
The server, included with Djano is intended to be used only for development. For production projects, you'll need to set up a server like Apache HTTP Server.

Start the ToDoApp

Create ToDoListComponent


			$ django-admin startapp ToDoListComponent

Code your first view

Write in ToDoListComponent/views.py


			from django.shortcuts import render
			from django.http import HttpResponse

			# Create your views here.
			def index(request):
			  return HttpResponse("This is the ToDoListComponent index.")

Map view to a URL

Create file ToDoListComponent/urls.py
Write the code:


			from django.urls import path

			from . import views

			urlpatterns = [
			    path('', views.index, name='index'),
			]

Point the project root URLconf at the ToDoListComponent.urls module

In ToDoApp/urls.py, add an import for django.urls.include and insert an include() in the urlpatterns list, so you have


			from django.contrib import admin
			from django.urls import path,include

			urlpatterns = [
			    path('ToDoListComponent/', include('ToDoListComponent.urls')),
			    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
			]

Verify

Go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/ToDoListComponent/

Path? Routes?

Route is a string that contains a URL pattern. When processing a request, Django starts at the first pattern in urlpatterns list (inToDoApp/urls.py) and makes its way down the list, comparing the requested URL against each pattern until it finds one that matches.

View?

A view function, or view for short, is simply a Python function that takes a Web request and returns a Web response. This response can be the HTML contents of a Web page, or a redirect, or a 404 error, or an XML document, or an image . . . or anything,
When Django finds a matching URL pattern, it calls the specified view function with an HttpRequest object as the first argument.
Or simple speaking, the view returns an HTML page which will be presented on the requested URL.

Database setup

Overview of SQLite

SQLite is an in-process library that implements a self-contained, serverless, zero-configuration, transactional SQL database engine
SQLite is in the public domain and is thus free for use for any purpose, commercial or private.
SQLite is included in Python, so you won’t need to install anything else to support your database. When starting your first real project, however, you may want to use a more scalable database like PostgreSQL

Setup the ToDoApp SQLite DB

First, lets activate the DB needed for the pre-installed Django apps (admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions)


			python manage.py migrate


			Operations to perform:
			  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
			Running migrations:
			  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
			  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
			  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
			  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
			  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
			  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
			  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
			  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
			  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
			  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
			  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
			  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
			  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
			  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK

Create the model of ToDoApp

Django uses models to interact with the database.
Each model represents a table in the database and it is used to add, update, delete data into the correponding table.
It's a kind of abstraction of database operations, so you do not need to know perfectly well SQL

Write in file ToDoListComponent/models.py


			from django.db import models

			# Create your models here.
			class Task(models.Model):
				id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
			    title = models.CharField('Title', max_length=100)
			    description = models.TextField('Description')
			    created = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
			    due = models.DateTimeField('due date')
			    end = models.DateTimeField('end date')

			    def __str__(self):
			        return self.title

Plug the app

To include the app in our project, we need to add a reference to its configuration class in the INSTALLED_APPS setting
Open the ToDoApp/settings.py and append to it:: 'ToDoListComponent'


			INSTALLED_APPS = [
			    'ToDoListComponent',
			    'django.contrib.admin',
			    'django.contrib.auth',
			    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
			    'django.contrib.sessions',
			    'django.contrib.messages',
			    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
			]

Activate the app


			$ python manage.py makemigrations ToDoListComponent

See the SQL which will be created


			$ python manage.py sqlmigrate ToDoListComponent 0001


			CREATE TABLE "ToDoListComponent_task" (
				"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
				"title" varchar(100) NOT NULL,
				"description" text NOT NULL,
				"created" datetime NOT NULL,
				"due" datetime NOT NULL,
				"end" datetime NOT NULL);
			COMMIT;

Create the model table in the DB

Now, run migrate tool to create the ToDoListComponent model tables in your database:


			python manage.py migrate


			Operations to perform:
			  Apply all migrations: ToDoListComponent, admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
			Running migrations:
			  Applying ToDoListComponent.0001_initial... OK

Introducing the Django Admin

Creating an admin user

In root Project Folder (ToDoAppProject) type:


			$ python manage.py createsuperuser

You'll be prompt to enter the admin user details


			Username (leave blank to use 'nemsys'): admin
			Email address: admin@test.me
			Password:
			Password (again):
			This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
			This password is too common.
			This password is entirely numeric.
			Password:
			Password (again):
			Superuser created successfully.

Start the Admin Control Panel

If there are any running Django server stop it first
Now, start the server again:


			$ python manage.py runserver

Go to http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/login/?next=/admin/

An admin panel should be loaded:

Add our ToDoApp to the Admin Interface

Open ToDoListComponent/admin.py and register our Task model:


			from django.contrib import admin

			# Register your models here.
			from .models import Task

			admin.site.register(Task)

If you refresh the Admin Interface (CTRL+F5), you should now see our Tasks model

From here, you can interface with the Task table, and add/modify/remove data
The edit form will be automatically generated from the Tasks model.

Query DB from our ToDoApp

Change ToDoListComponent/views.py as:


		from django.shortcuts import render
		from django.http import HttpResponse
		from .models import Task


		def index(request):
		    latest_tasks = Task.objects.order_by('-due')[:5]
		    output ="Taks:"
		    output += ', '.join([q.title for q in latest_tasks])
		    return HttpResponse(output)

Add some Templates

task_list template

In ToDoListComponent create a folder named templates and make the file tasks_index.html in it.


			ToDoListComponent/
			├── admin.py
			├── apps.py
			├── __init__.py
			├── migrations
			│   ├── 0001_initial.py
			│   ├── __init__.py
			│   └── __pycache__
			│       ├── 0001_initial.cpython-36.pyc
			│       └── __init__.cpython-36.pyc
			├── models.py
			├── __pycache__
			│   ├── admin.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── apps.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── __init__.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── models.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── urls.cpython-36.pyc
			│   └── views.cpython-36.pyc
			├── templates
			│   └── tasks_index.html
			├── tests.py
			├── urls.py
			└── views.py

Add the HTML template code in templates/tasks_index.html


			<!DOCTYPE html>
			<html>
			<head>
			  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
			  <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
			  <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
			  <title>ToDo App</title>
			</head>
			<body>
			  <div class="jumbotron text-center">
			    <h1>ToDo's</h1>
			  </div>

			  <div class="container">
			    <div class="row">
			      <div class="col-sm-4">
			      </div>
			      <div class="col-sm-4">
			        <h3>Tasks List</h3>
			        <table>
			          <tr>
			            <th>Task</th>
			            <th>Due?</th>
			          </tr>
			          {% for task in task_list %}
			          <tr>
			            <td>
			              {{ task.title }}
			            </td>
			            <td>
			              {{ task.due }}
			            </td>
			          </tr>
			          {% endfor %}
			        </table>
			      </div>
			      <div class="col-sm-4">
			      </div>
			    </div>
			  </div>
			</body>
			</html>

Or copy the raw code from here

Update our ToDoListComponent/views.py in order to use the template, and fill it will DB data


			from django.shortcuts import render
			from django.http import HttpResponse
			from .models import Task

			def index(request):
				# query the DB
		    task_list = Task.objects.all()

		    return render(
		        request,
		        'tasks_index.html',
		        {
		            'task_list' : task_list,
		        }
		    )

Add some CSS

In the ToDoListComponent folder create the folder pathstatic/css, and in it - make the file base.css


			ToDoListComponent/
			├── admin.py
			├── apps.py
			├── __init__.py
			├── migrations
			│   ├── 0001_initial.py
			│   ├── __init__.py
			│   └── __pycache__
			│       ├── 0001_initial.cpython-36.pyc
			│       └── __init__.cpython-36.pyc
			├── models.py
			├── __pycache__
			│   ├── admin.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── apps.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── __init__.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── models.cpython-36.pyc
			│   ├── urls.cpython-36.pyc
			│   └── views.cpython-36.pyc
			├── static
			│   └── css
			│       └── base.css
			├── templates
			│   └── tasks_index.html
			├── tests.py
			├── urls.py
			└── views.py

Put some CSS into static/css/base.css, and refresh the page/or run the server again, if it was turn off


			body{
				background: #FFBDBD
			}
			td {
			  padding: 10px 5px;
			}

Useful Commands

Django

Run Django Server: python manage.py runserver

Resources

Get the code: ToDoAppProject.zip
Writing your first Django app - the official Django Tutorial which walks you through creating a basic poll application
heroku-django-template - A Django 2.0 base template featuring all recommended best practices for deployment on Heroku and local development.

These slides are based on

customised version of

Hakimel's reveal.js

framework